ZetCode

Spring Boot @DataJpaTest

last modified May 10, 2022

Spring Boot @DataJpaTest tutorial shows how to test JPA repositories using @DataJpaTest annotation.

Spring is a popular Java application framework for creating enterprise applications. Spring Boot is an evolution of Spring framework which helps create stand-alone, production-grade Spring based applications with minimal effort.

@DataJpaTest

@DataJpaTest is used to test JPA repositories. It is used in combination with @RunWith(SpringRunner.class). The annotation disables full auto-configuration and applies only configuration relevant to JPA tests. By default, tests annotated with @DataJpaTest use an embedded in-memory database.

In our tests, we can inject a DataSource, @JdbcTemplate, @EntityManager or any Spring Data repository from our application.

The application context containing all these components, including the in-memory database, is shared between all test methods within all test classes annotated with @DataJpaTest. Therefore, each test method runs in its own transaction, which is rolled back after the method has executed. This way the tests stay independent from each other.

Spring @DataJpaTest example

The following application creates a custom JPA query method. The method is tested in a test class annotated with @DataJpaTest. 

pom.xml
src
├───main
│   ├───java
│   │   └───com
│   │       └───zetcode
│   │           │   Application.java
│   │           │   MyRunner.java
│   │           ├───model
│   │           │       City.java
│   │           └───repository
│   │                   CityRepository.java
│   └───resources
│           application.properties
│           data-h2.sql
│           schema-h2.sql
└───test
    └───java
        └───com
            └───zetcode
                └───repository
                        CityRepositoryTest.java

This is the project structure.

pom.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0
         http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

    <groupId>com.zetcode</groupId>
    <artifactId>springbootdatajpatest</artifactId>
    <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>

    <packaging>jar</packaging>

    <properties>
        <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
        <maven.compiler.source>17</maven.compiler.source>
        <maven.compiler.target>17</maven.compiler.target>
    </properties>

    <parent>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <version>2.6.7</version>
    </parent>

    <dependencies>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.h2database</groupId>
            <artifactId>h2</artifactId>
            <scope>runtime</scope>
        </dependency>

    </dependencies>

    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>2.6.7</version>
            </plugin>

        </plugins>
    </build>

</project>

The Maven POM file contains dependencies for Spring Data JPA, testing, and H2 database.

resources/application.properties
spring.main.banner-mode=off
spring.datasource.platform=h2
spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto=none

The application.properties is the main Spring Boot configuration file. With the spring.main.banner-mode property we turn off the Spring banner. The spring.datasource.platform sets the vendor name of the database. It is used in the initialization scripts. Finally, the spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto disables the automatic creation of schemas from entities.

resources/schema-h2.sql
CREATE TABLE cities(id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
    name VARCHAR(255), population INT);

When the application is started, the schema-h2.sql script is executed. It creates a new database table.

resources/data-h2.sql
INSERT INTO cities(name, population) VALUES('Bratislava', 432000);
INSERT INTO cities(name, population) VALUES('Budapest', 1759000);
INSERT INTO cities(name, population) VALUES('Prague', 1280000);
INSERT INTO cities(name, population) VALUES('Warsaw', 1748000);
INSERT INTO cities(name, population) VALUES('Los Angeles', 3971000);
INSERT INTO cities(name, population) VALUES('New York', 8550000);
INSERT INTO cities(name, population) VALUES('Edinburgh', 464000);
INSERT INTO cities(name, population) VALUES('Suzhou', 4327066);
INSERT INTO cities(name, population) VALUES('Zhengzhou', 4122087);
INSERT INTO cities(name, population) VALUES('Berlin', 3671000);
INSERT INTO cities(name, population) VALUES('Brest', 139163);
INSERT INTO cities(name, population) VALUES('Bucharest', 1836000);

Later, the data-h2.sql file is executed. It fills the table with data.

com/zetcode/model/City.java
package com.zetcode.model;

import java.util.Objects;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.Table;

@Entity
@Table(name = "cities")
public class City {

    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.AUTO)
    private Long id;

    private String name;
    private int population;

    public City() {
    }

    public City(String name, int population) {
        this.name = name;
        this.population = population;
    }

    public Long getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public void setId(Long id) {
        this.id = id;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getPopulation() {
        return population;
    }

    public void setPopulation(int population) {
        this.population = population;
    }

    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
        int hash = 7;
        hash = 79 * hash + Objects.hashCode(this.id);
        hash = 79 * hash + Objects.hashCode(this.name);
        hash = 79 * hash + this.population;
        return hash;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
        if (this == obj) {
            return true;
        }
        if (obj == null) {
            return false;
        }
        if (getClass() != obj.getClass()) {
            return false;
        }
        final City other = (City) obj;
        if (this.population != other.population) {
            return false;
        }
        if (!Objects.equals(this.name, other.name)) {
            return false;
        }
        return Objects.equals(this.id, other.id);
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {

        var builder = new StringBuilder();
        builder.append("City{id=").append(id).append(", name=")
                .append(name).append(", population=")
                .append(population).append("}");

        return builder.toString();
    }
}

This is the City entity.

com/zetcode/repository/CityRepository.java
package com.zetcode.repository;

import com.zetcode.model.City;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.Query;
import org.springframework.data.repository.CrudRepository;
import org.springframework.data.repository.query.Param;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;

import java.util.List;

@Repository
public interface CityRepository extends CrudRepository<City, Long> {

    @Query("SELECT c FROM City c WHERE c.name LIKE CONCAT('%',:ending, '%') AND c.population < :num")
    List<City> findByNameEndingWithAndPopulationLessThan(@Param("ending") String ending,
                                                         @Param("num") Integer num);
}

CityRepository contains the custom findByNameEndingWithAndPopulationLessThan() method. With the method we get all city names that end with the specified string and their population is lower than the specified value.

com/zetcode/MyRunner.java
package com.zetcode;

import com.zetcode.repository.CityRepository;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.CommandLineRunner;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

@Component
public class MyRunner implements CommandLineRunner {

    private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(MyRunner.class);

    @Autowired
    private CityRepository cityRepository;

    @Override
    public void run(String... args) throws Exception {

        var cities = cityRepository.findByNameEndingWithAndPopulationLessThan("est", 1800000);
        cities.forEach(city -> logger.info("{}", city));
    }
}

In MyRunner we use the findByNameEndingWithAndPopulationLessThan() method.

Note: In Java enterprise applications it is a good practice to define a service layer that works with repositories. For simplicity reasons, we skip the service layer.

com/zetcode/Application.java
package com.zetcode;

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;

@SpringBootApplication
public class Application {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args);
    }
}

The Application sets up the Spring Boot application. The @SpringBootApplication enables auto-configuration and component scanning.

com/zetcode/repository/CityRepositoryTest.java
package com.zetcode.repository;

import com.zetcode.model.City;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.orm.jpa.DataJpaTest;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner;

import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;

@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@DataJpaTest
public class CityRepositoryTest {

    @Autowired
    private CityRepository repository;

    @Test
    public void should_find_all_customers() {

        Iterable<City> cities = repository.findAll();

        int nOfCities = 12;
        assertThat(cities).hasSize(nOfCities);
    }

    @Test
    public void should_find_with_name_ending_population_less_than() {

        var cities = repository.findByNameEndingWithAndPopulationLessThan("est", 150000);

        assertThat(cities).isNotEmpty();
    }

}

In CityRepositoryTest, we test the custom JPA method. 

@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@DataJpaTest
public class CityRepositoryTest {

The CityRepositoryTest is annotated with @DataJpaTest. The in-memory H2 database is used to perform the integration tests. 

@Test
public void should_find_with_name_ending_population_less_than() {

    var cities = repository.findByNameEndingWithAndPopulationLessThan("est", 150000);

    assertThat(cities).isNotEmpty();
}

This method tests that there is at least one city with name ending in 'est' and with population less than 150000. 

$ mvn spring-boot:test

We run the tests.

In this tutorial, we have showed how to test a custom JPA repository method utilizing @DataJpaTest.

List all Spring Boot tutorials.