Python operator
last modified January 29, 2024
In this article we cover Python operators.
An operator is a special symbol which indicates a certain process is carried out. Operators in programming languages are taken from mathematics. Applications work with data. The operators are used to process data.
In Python, we have several types of operators:
- Arithmetic operators
- Boolean operators
- Relational operators
- Bitwise operators
An operator may have one or two operands. An operand is one of the inputs (arguments) of an operator. Those operators that work with only one operand are called unary operators. Those who work with two operands are called binary operators.
The + and - signs can be addition and subtraction operators as well as unary sign operators. It depends on the situation.
>>> 2 2 >>> +2 2 >>>
The plus sign can be used to indicate that we have a positive number. But it is mostly not used. The minus sign changes the sign of a value.
>>> a = 1 >>> -a -1 >>> -(-a) 1
Multiplication and addition operators are examples of binary operators. They are used with two operands.
>>> 3 * 3 9 >>> 3 + 3 6
Python assignment operator
The assignment operator = assigns a value to a variable.
In mathematics, the = operator has a different meaning. In
an equation, the = operator is an equality operator. The
left side of the equation is equal to the right one.
>>> x = 1 >>> x 1
Here we assign a number to an x variable.
>>> x = x + 1 >>> x 2
The previous expression does not make sense in mathematics. But it is legal in
programming. The expression means that we add 1 to the x variable.
The right side is equal to 2 and 2 is assigned to x.
>>> a = b = c = 4 >>> print(a, b, c) 4 4 4
It is possible to assign a value to multiple variables.
>>> 3 = y File "<stdin>", line 1 SyntaxError: can't assign to literal
This code example results in syntax error. We cannot assign a value to a literal.
Python arithmetic operators
The following is a table of arithmetic operators in Python programming language.
| Symbol | Name |
|---|---|
+ | Addition |
- | Subtraction |
* | Multiplication |
/ | Division |
// | Integer division |
% | Modulo |
** | Power |
The following example shows arithmetic operations.
#!/usr/bin/python # arithmetic.py a = 10 b = 11 c = 12 add = a + b + c sub = c - a mult = a * b div = c / 3 power = a ** 2 print(add, sub, mult, div) print(power)
All these are known operators from mathematics.
$ ./arithmetic.py 33 2 110 4.0 100
There are three operators dealing with division.
#!/usr/bin/python # division.py print(9 / 3) print(9 / 4) print(9 // 4) print(9 % 4)
The example demonstrates division operators.
print(9 / 4)
This results in 2.25. In Python 2.x, the / operator was an integer division operator. This has changed in Python 3. In Python 3, the / operator returns a decimal number.
print(9 // 4)
The // operator is an integer operator in Python 3.
print(9 % 4)
The % operator is called the modulo operator. It finds the
remainder of division of one number by another. 9 % 4, 9 modulo 4
is 1, because 4 goes into 9 twice with a remainder of 1.
$ ./division.py 3.0 2.25 2 1
>>> 'return' + 'of' + 'the' + 'king' 'returnoftheking'
The addition operator can be used to concatenate strings as well.
>>> 3 + ' apples' Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'
We cannot add integers and strings. This results in a TypeError.
>>> str(3) + ' apples' '3 apples'
For the example to work, we must convert the number to a string using the
str function.
On the other hand, the multiplication operator can be used with a string and a number.
>>> 'dollar ' * 5 'dollar dollar dollar dollar dollar '
Python Boolean operators
In Python, we have and, or and not
boolean operators. With boolean operators we perform logical operations. These
are most often used with if and while keywords.
#!/usr/bin/python # andop.py print(True and True) print(True and False) print(False and True) print(False and False)
This example shows the logical and operator. The logical and operator evaluates
to True only if both operands are True.
$ ./andop.py True False False False
The logical or operator evaluates to True if either of the operands
is True.
#!/usr/bin/python # orop.py print(True or True) print(True or False) print(False or True) print(False or False)
If one of the sides of the operator is True, the outcome of the
operation is True.
$ ./orop.py True True True False
The negation operator not makes True
False and False True.
#!/usr/bin/python # negation.py print(not False) print(not True) print(not ( 4 < 3 ))
The example shows the not operator in action.
$ ./negation.py True False True
And, or operators are short circuit evaluated. Short circuit evaluation means that the second argument is only evaluated if the first argument does not suffice to determine the value of the expression: when the first argument of and evaluates to false, the overall value must be false; and when the first argument of or evaluates to true, the overall value must be true.
The following example demonstrates the short curcuit evaluation.
#!/usr/bin/python
# short_circuit.py
x = 10
y = 0
if (y != 0 and x/y < 100):
print("a small value")
The first part of the expression evaluates to False. The second
part of the expression is not evaluated. Otherwise, we would get a
ZeroDivisionError.
Python relational operators
Relational operators are used to compare values. These operators always result in a boolean value.
| Symbol | Meaning |
|---|---|
< | strictly less than |
<= | less than or equal to |
> | greater than |
>= | greater than or equal to |
== | equal to |
!= | not equal to |
is | object identity |
is not | negated object identity |
The above table shows Python relational operators.
>>> 3 < 4 True >>> 4 == 3 False >>> 4 >= 3 True
As we already mentioned, the relational operators return boolean values:
True or False.
Notice that the relational operators are not limited to numbers. We can use them for other objects as well. Although they might not always be meaningful.
>>> "six" == "six" True >>> 'a' < 'b' True
We can compare string objects, too.
>>> 'a' < 'b'
What exactly happens here? Computers do not know characters or strings. For them, everything is just a number. Characters are special numbers stored in specific tables, like ASCII.
>>> 'a' > 6 Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> TypeError: unorderable types: str() > int()
It is not possible to use relational operators on different data types.
This code leads to a TypeError.
#!/usr/bin/python
# compare.py
print('a' < 'b')
print("a is:", ord('a'))
print("b is:", ord('b'))
Internally, the a and b characters are numbers. So when we compare two characters,
we compare their stored numbers. The built-in ord function
returns the ASCII value of a single character.
$ ./compare.py True a is: 97 b is: 98
In fact, we compare two numbers: 97 and 98.
>>> "ab" > "aa" True
Say we have a string with more characters. If the first characters are equal, we compare the next ones. In our case, the b character at the second position has a greater value than the a character. That is why "ab" string is greater than "aa" string. Comparing strings in such a way does not make much sense, of course. But it is technically possible.
Python object identity operators
The object identity operators, is and not is, check
if its operatos are the same object.
#!/usr/bin/python
# object_identity.py
print(None == None)
print(None is None)
print(True is True)
print([] == [])
print([] is [])
print("Python" is "Python")
The == operator tests for equality while the is
operator tests for object identity. Whether we are talking about the same
object. Note that more variables may refer to the same object.
$ ./object_identity.py True True True True False True
The output might be surprising for you. In Python language, there is only one
None and one True object. That's why True
is equal and also identical to True. There is only one truth out
there, anyway. The empty list [] is equal to another empty list []. But they are
not identical. Python has put them into two different memory locations. They are
two distinct objects. Hence the is operator returns False.
On the other hand, "Python" is "Python" returns True. This is
because of optimization: if two string literals are equal, they have been put to
same memory location. Since a string is an immutable entity, no harm can be
done.
Python membership operators
The membership operators, in and not in, test for
membership in a sequence, such as strings, lists, or tuples.
#!/usr/bin/python
# membership.py
items = ("coin", "book", "pencil", "spoon", "paper")
if "coin" in items:
print("There is a coin in the tuple")
else:
print("There is no coin in the tuple")
if "bowl" not in items:
print("There is no bowl in the tuple")
else:
print("There is a bowl in the tuple")
With the membership operators, we test if a item is present in a tuple.
if "coin" in items:
With the in operator, we check if "coin"
is present in the items tuple.
if "bowl" not in items:
With the not in operator, we check if "bowl"
is not present in the items tuple.
$ ./membership.py There is a coin in the tuple There is no bowl in the tuple
Python ternary operator
A ternary operator is a simple terse conditional assignment statement.
exp1 if condition else exp2
If condition is true, exp1 is evaluated and the result is returned. If the condition is false, exp2 is evaluated and its result is returned.
#!/usr/bin/python
# ternary.py
age = 31
adult = True if age >= 18 else False
print("Adult: {0}".format(adult))
In many countries the adulthood is based on your age. You are adult if you are older than a certain age. This is a situation for a ternary operator.
adult = True if age >= 18 else False
First the condition is evaluated. If the age is greater or equal to 18,
True is returned. If not, the value following the else
keyword is returned. The returned value is then assigned to the
adult variable.
$ ./ternary.py Adult: True
A 31 years old person is adult.
Python bitwise operators
Decimal numbers are natural to humans. Binary numbers are native to computers. Binary, octal, decimal or hexadecimal symbols are only notations of the same number. Bitwise operators work with bits of a binary number. We have binary logical operators and shift operators. Bitwise operators are seldom used in higher level languages like Python.
| Symbol | Meaning |
|---|---|
~ | bitwise negation |
^ | bitwise exclusive or |
& | bitwise and |
| | bitwise or |
<< | left shift |
>> | right shift |
The bitwise negation operator changes each 1 to 0 and 0 to 1.
>>> ~7 -8 >>> ~-8 7
The operator reverts all bits of a number 7. One of the bits also determines, whether the number is negative or not. If we negate all the bits one more time, we get number 7 again.
The bitwise and operator performs bit-by-bit comparison between two numbers. The result for a bit position is 1 only if both corresponding bits in the operands are 1.
00110 & 00011 = 00010
The first number is a binary notation of 6, the second is 3 and the final result is 2.
>>> 6 & 3 2 >>> 3 & 6 2
The bitwise or operator performs bit-by-bit comparison between two numbers. The result for a bit position is 1 if either of the corresponding bits in the operands is 1.
00110 | 00011 = 00111
The result is 00110 or decimal 7.
>>> 6 | 3 7
The bitwise exclusive or operator performs bit-by-bit comparison between two numbers. The result for a bit position is 1 if one or the other (but not both) of the corresponding bits in the operands is 1.
00110 ^ 00011 = 00101
The result is 00101 or decimal 5.
>>> 6 ^ 3 5
As we mentioned, bitwise operators are seldom used in Python and other high level languages. Yet there are some situations, where they are used. One example is a mask. A mask is a specific bit pattern. It determines whether some property is set or not.
Let's have an example from GUI programming.
#!/usr/bin/python # bitwise_or.py import wx app = wx.App() window = wx.Frame(None, style=wx.MAXIMIZE_BOX | wx.RESIZE_BORDER | wx.SYSTEM_MENU | wx.CAPTION | wx.CLOSE_BOX) window.Show(True) app.MainLoop()
This is a small example of a wxPython code. The wx.MAXIMIZE_BOX,
wx.RESIZE_BORDER, wx.SYSTEM_MENU, wx.CAPTION,
and wx.CLOSE_BOX are constants. The bitwise or operator
adds all these constants to the mask. In our case, all these properties are
set using the bitwise or operator and applied to the wx.Frame widget.
Finally, we also have bitwise shift operators. The bitwise shift operators shift bits to the right or left.
number << n : multiply number 2 to the nth power number >> n : divide number by 2 to the nth power
These operators are also called arithmetic shift.
00110 >> 00001 = 00011
We shift each of the bits of number six to the right. It is equal to dividing
the six by 2. The result is 00011 or decimal 3.
>>> 6 >> 1 3
00110 << 00001 = 01100
We shift each of the bits of number six to the left. It is equal to multiplying
the number six by 2. The result is 01100 or decimal 12.
>>> 6 << 1 12
Python compound assignment operators
The compound assignment operators consist of two operators. They are shorthand operators.
>>> i = 1 >>> i = i + 1 >>> i 2 >>> i += 1 >>> i 3
The += compound operator is one of these shorthand operators.
Other compound operators are:
-= *= /= //= %= **= &= |= ^= >>= <<=
Python operator precedence
The operator precedence tells us which operators are evaluated first. The precedence level is necessary to avoid ambiguity in expressions.
What is the outcome of the following expression, 28 or 40?
3 + 5 * 5
Like in mathematics, the multiplication operator has a higher precedence than addition operator. So the outcome is 28.
(3 + 5) * 5
To change the order of evaluation, we can use square brackets. Expressions inside square brackets are always evaluated first.
The following list shows operator precedence in Python.
unary + - ~ ** * / % + - >> << & ^ | < <= == >= > != is not and or
The operators on the same row have the same level of precedence. The precedence grows from bottom to top.
#!/usr/bin/python # precedence.py print(3 + 5 * 5) print((3 + 5) * 5) print(2 ** 3 * 5) print(not True or True) print(not (True or True))
In this code example, we show some common expressions. The outcome of each expression is dependent on the precedence level.
print(2 ** 3 * 5)
The power operator has higher precedence than the multiplication operator.
First, the 2 ** 3 is evaluated, which returns 8. Then the outcome
is multiplied by 5 and the result is 40.
print(not True or True)
In this case, the not operator has a higher precedence. First, the
first True value is negated to False, then the
or operator combines False and True,
which gives True in the end.
$ ./precedence.py 28 40 40 True False
The relational operators have a higher precedence than logical operators.
#!/usr/bin/python
# positive.py
a = 1
b = 2
if (a > 0 and b > 0):
print("a and b are positive integers")
The and operator awaits two boolean values. If one of the operands
would not be a boolean value, we would get a syntax error. In Python, the
relational operators are evaluated before the logical and.
$ ./positive.py a and b are positive integers
Python associativity rule
Sometimes the precedence is not satisfactory to determine the outcome of an expression. There is another rule called associativity. The associativity of operators determines the order of evaluation of operators with the same precedence level.
9 / 3 * 3
What is the outcome of this expression, 9 or 1? The multiplication, deletion,
and the modulo operator are left to right associated. So the expression is
evaluated this way: (9 / 3) * 3 and the result is 9.
Arithmetic, boolean, relational and bitwise operators are all left to right associated.
On the other hand, the assignment operator is right associated.
>>> a = b = c = d = 0 >>> a, b, c, d (0, 0, 0, 0)
If the association was left to right, the previous expression would not be possible.
The compound assignment operators are right to left associated.
>>> j = 0 >>> j *= 3 + 1 >>> j 0
You might expect the result to be 1. But the actual result is 0. Because of the associativity. The expression on the right is evaluated first and then the compound assignment operator is applied.
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