Python implement SSL/TLS certificate
last modified January 29, 2024
In this article we show how to implement an SSL/TLS certificate in Python. An SSL certificate is a digital certificate that proves a website's identity and enables an encrypted connection.
Introduction
Our lives are now intricately mixed into an interconnected digital world, where online engagement has seamlessly integrated into our daily routines. This heightened connectivity has brought cybersecurity to the forefront of our concerns. In these interactions, each click, tap, or transaction inadvertently leaves traces of confidential data vulnerable to malicious exploitation. This is where the SSL certificate steps into the equation.
SSL definition
SSL (Secure Socket Layer) and its evolution, TLS (Transport Layer Security), function as precisely designed cryptographic protocols. Their primary purpose is to forge secure connections between web servers and users' browsers. These protocols shield us from cyber threats such as data breaches, phishing attempts, and unauthorized access.
In the subsequent section, we describe the process of integrating SSL certificates in Python. Proficiency in TLS/SSL certificates is nowadays an essential skill for developers, security enthusiasts or any individual trying to improve their security.
Acquiring an SSL certificate
The initial procedure toward bolstering our website's security is acquiring an SSL certificate. To do so, we need to issue a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) to a reputable Certificate Authority (CA). Imprinted with organizational and server details, the CSR undergoes thorough scrutiny by the CA before the certificate is issued.
For developling purposes, we can create a self-signed certificate. For production, it is important to exclusively buy SSL certificates from trustworthy SSL providers.
The next step is its installation on our web server. The installation process creates a secure linkage between our users and the server, showcased by the reassuring padlock icon in the browser's address bar. The installation process may vary depending on our server's unique configuration.
SSL types
The following list describes various SSL certificate types:
- Domain Validated (DV) SSL Certificate: DV certificates are the simplest and quickest to acquire. They validate only the domain's ownership, making them suitable for personal websites and small blogs. We should go with reputed SSL providers or CAs who can offer us budget price or cheap SSL at lowest price. These are a great option for those on a budget.
- Organization Validated (OV) SSL Certificate: OV certificates offer a higher level of trust, as the CA verifies both domain ownership and certain details about the organization. They are ideal for businesses and e-commerce sites.
- Extended Validation (EV) SSL Certificate: EV certificates provide the highest level of validation. They require a thorough vetting process of the organization, offering users the highest level of confidence through the address bar in browsers. These certificates are recommended for online businesses and financial institutions.
- Wildcard SSL Certificate: For those managing numerous first level of subdomains within a single domain, a wildcard SSL certificate presents a streamlined solution, consolidating security efforts by encompassing them all under one certificate, thus diminishing administrative complexity.
- Multi-Domain SSL Certificate (SAN): Subject Alternative Name certificates, more commonly referred to as SAN certificates, offer a versatile security approach by enabling the protection of multiple domains and their associated subdomains using a single certificate. This approach simplifies the management of diverse online assets while maintaining robust security standards.
We select the right certificate based on our requirements and budget.
Generating a CA-Signed SSL certificate
The following steps are needed to generate a CA-Signed SSL certificate:
Choose a Trusted Certificate Authority (CA)
The first step is selecting a reliable CA to issue our SSL/TLS certificate. CAs are responsible for validating our domain and organization details before granting a certificate.
Generate a Private Key and CSR
SSL certificates use asymmetric encryption, employing a pair of keys - a private one and a public one. To commence this procedure, it becomes necessary to generate a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) and craft a private key. OpenSSL can be harnessed for this purpose. Below is the code snippet for reference:
$ openssl req -new -newkey rsa:2048 -nodes -keyout example.com.key -out example.com.csr -subj "/CN=example.com"
The command generates a private key (example.com.key) and a CSR (example.com.csr) for our domain. Make sure to replace example.com with your domain.
Store the CSR file
We create a local directory for the certificate files. This directory should contain the CSR file. We send this CSR, along with our private key, to the CA for verification.
Python SSL Certificate installation
Once we have obtained the SSL certificate from the CA, we rename it from
certificate.crt to certificate.pem. Then we create an
SSL context in Python using the following code:
#!/usr/bin/python
import ssl
context = ssl.create_default_context()
context.load_cert_chain(certfile='/path/to/our/certificate.pem',
keyfile='/path/to/our/private.key')
Verify the installation
To ensure the certificate is correctly installed and used, we can examine the SSL certificate chain provided by the server using Python's SSL module:
#!/usr/bin/python
import ssl
import socket
hostname = 'example.com' # Replace with your domain name
context = ssl.create_default_context()
with socket.create_connection((hostname, 443)) as sock:
with context.wrap_socket(sock, server_hostname=hostname) as ssock:
chain = ssock.getpeercert(chain=True)
print(chain)
The code example establishes a connection with our domain over port 443, acquires the server's certificate chain, and then displays it. It verifies the proper utilization of our SSL certificate.
Source
In this article we described SSL certificates and showed how to implement a CA-Signed SSL certificate in Python language.
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