Python CSV - read write CSV

last modified January 29, 2024

In this article we show how to read and write CSV data with Python csv module.

CSV

CSV (Comma Separated Values) is a very popular import and export data format used in spreadsheets and databases. Each line in a CSV file is a data record. Each record consists of one or more fields, separated by commas. While CSV is a very simple data format, there can be many differences, such as different delimiters, new lines, or quoting characters.

Python csv module

The csv module implements classes to read and write tabular data in CSV format. The csv module's reader and writer objects read and write sequences. Programmers can also read and write data in dictionary form using the DictReader and DictWriter classes.

Python CSV methods

The following table shows Python csv methods:

Method	Description
csv.reader	returns a reader object which iterates over lines of a CSV file
csv.writer	returns a writer object which writes data into CSV file
csv.register_dialect	registers a CSV dialect
csv.unregister_dialect	unregisters a CSV dialect
csv.get_dialect	returns a dialect with the given name
csv.list_dialects	returns all registered dialects
csv.field_size_limit	returns the current maximum field size allowed by the parser

Using Python csv module

import csv

To use Python CSV module, we import csv.

Python CSV reader

The csv.reader method returns a reader object which iterates over lines in the given CSV file.

$ cat numbers.csv
16,6,4,12,81,6,71,6

The numbers.csv file contains numbers.

read_csv.py

#!/usr/bin/python

import csv

with open('numbers.csv', 'r') as f:

    reader = csv.reader(f)

    for row in reader:
        for e in row:
            print(e)

In the code example, we open the numbers.csv for reading and read its contents.

reader = csv.reader(f)

We get the reader object.

for row in reader:
    for e in row:
        print(e)

With two for loops, we iterate over the data.

$ ./read_csv.py
16
6
4
12
81
6
71
6

Python CSV reader with different delimiter

The csv.reader method allows to use a different delimiter with its delimiter attribute.

$ cat items.csv
pen|cup|bottle
chair|book|tablet

The items.csv contains values separated with '|' character.

read_csv.py

#!/usr/bin/python

import csv

with open('items.csv', 'r') as f:

    reader = csv.reader(f, delimiter="|")

    for row in reader:

        for e in row:
            print(e)

The code example reads and displays data from a CSV file that uses a '|' delimiter.

$ ./read_csv2.py
pen
cup
bottle
chair
book
tablet

Python CSV DictReader

The csv.DictReader class operates like a regular reader but maps the information read into a dictionary. The keys for the dictionary can be passed in with the fieldnames parameter or inferred from the first row of the CSV file.

$ cat values.csv
min,avg,max
1, 5.5, 10
2, 3.5, 5

The first line of the file consists of dictionary keys.

read_csv_dictionary.py

#!/usr/bin/python

# read_csv3.py

import csv

with open('values.csv', 'r') as f:

    reader = csv.DictReader(f)

    for row in reader:
        print(row['min'], row['avg'], row['max'])

The example reads the values from the values.csv file using the csv.DictReader.

for row in reader:
    print(row['min'], row['avg'], row['max'] )

The row is a Python dictionary and we reference the data with the keys.

Python CSV writer

The csv.writer method returns a writer object which converts the user's data into delimited strings on the given file-like object.

write_csv.py

#!/usr/bin/python

import csv

nms = [[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]]

with open('numbers2.csv', 'w') as f:

    writer = csv.writer(f)

    for row in nms:
        writer.writerow(row)

The script writes numbers into the numbers2.csv file. The writerow method writes a row of data into the specified file.

$ cat numbers2.csv
1,2,3,4,5,6
7,8,9,10,11,12

It is possible to write all data in one shot. The writerows method writes all given rows to the CSV file.

write_csv2.py

#!/usr/bin/python

import csv

nms = [[1, 2, 3], [7, 8, 9], [10, 11, 12]]

with open('numbers3.csv', 'w') as f:

    writer = csv.writer(f)
    writer.writerows(nms)

The code example writes three rows of numbers into the file using the writerows method.

Python CSV DictWriter

The csv.DictWriter class operates like a regular writer but maps Python dictionaries into CSV rows. The fieldnames parameter is a sequence of keys that identify the order in which values in the dictionary passed to the writerow method are written to the CSV file.

write_csv_dictionary.py

#!/usr/bin/python

import csv

with open('names.csv', 'w') as f:

    fnames = ['first_name', 'last_name']
    writer = csv.DictWriter(f, fieldnames=fnames)

    writer.writeheader()
    writer.writerow({'first_name' : 'John', 'last_name': 'Smith'})
    writer.writerow({'first_name' : 'Robert', 'last_name': 'Brown'})
    writer.writerow({'first_name' : 'Julia', 'last_name': 'Griffin'})

The example writes the values from Python dictionaries into the CSV file using the csv.DictWriter.

writer = csv.DictWriter(f, fieldnames=fnames)

New csv.DictWriter is created. The header names are passed to the fieldnames parameter.

writer.writeheader()

The writeheader method writes the headers to the CSV file.

writer.writerow({'first_name' : 'John', 'last_name': 'Smith'})

The Python dictionary is written to a row in a CSV file.

$ cat names.csv
first_name,last_name
John,Smith
Robert,Brown
Julia,Griffin

Python CSV custom dialect

A custom dialect is created with the csv.register_dialect method.

custom_dialect.py

#!/usr/bin/python

import csv

csv.register_dialect("hashes", delimiter="#")

with open('items3.csv', 'w') as f:

    writer = csv.writer(f, dialect="hashes")
    writer.writerow(("pens", 4))
    writer.writerow(("plates", 2))
    writer.writerow(("bottles", 4))
    writer.writerow(("cups", 1))

The program uses a (#) character as a delimiter. The dialect is specified with the dialect option in the csv.writer method.

$ cat items3.csv
pens#4
plates#2
bottles#4
cups#1

Generate fake CSV data

In the next example, we create a new CSV file which is filled with fake data. Fake data is useful for testing.

We use the faker module to generate fake data.

fake_csv.py

#!/usr/bin/python

from faker import Faker
import csv

faker = Faker()

with open('users.csv', 'w', newline='') as f:

    fieldnames = ['id', 'first_name', 'last_name', 'occupation']
    writer = csv.DictWriter(f, fieldnames=fieldnames)

    writer.writeheader()

    for i in range(1, 101, 1):
        _id = i
        fname = faker.first_name()
        lname = faker.last_name()
        occupation = faker.job()

        writer.writerow({'id': _id, 'first_name': fname, 
            'last_name': lname, 'occupation': occupation})

The example creates 100 users. The users are written to the users.csv file in CSV format.

Source

CSV File Reading and Writing - language reference

In this article we have worked with CSV in Python.

Author

My name is Jan Bodnar, and I am a passionate programmer with extensive programming experience. I have been writing programming articles since 2007. To date, I have authored over 1,400 articles and 8 e-books. I possess more than ten years of experience in teaching programming.

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