Tetris in PyQt6
last modified January 10, 2023
In this chapter, we create a Tetris game clone.
Tetris
The Tetris game is one of the most popular computer games ever created. The original game was designed and programmed by a Russian programmer Alexey Pajitnov in 1985. Since then, Tetris is available on almost every computer platform in lots of variations.
Tetris is called a falling block puzzle game. In this game, we have seven different shapes called tetrominoes: an S-shape, a Z-shape, a T-shape, an L-shape, a Line-shape, a MirroredL-shape, and a Square-shape. Each of these shapes is formed with four squares. The shapes are falling down the board. The object of the Tetris game is to move and rotate the shapes so that they fit as much as possible. If we manage to form a row, the row is destroyed and we score. We play the Tetris game until we top out.
PyQt6 is a toolkit designed to create applications. There are other libraries which are targeted at creating computer games. Nevertheless, PyQt6 and other application toolkits can be used to create simple games.
Creating a computer game is a good way for enhancing programming skills.
The development
We do not have images for our Tetris game, we draw the tetrominoes using the drawing API available in the PyQt6 programming toolkit. Behind every computer game, there is a mathematical model. So it is in Tetris.
Some ideas behind the game:
- We use a
QtCore.QBasicTimerto create a game cycle. - The tetrominoes are drawn.
- The shapes move on a square by square basis (not pixel by pixel).
- Mathematically a board is a simple list of numbers.
The code consists of four classes: Tetris, Board,
Tetrominoe and Shape. The Tetris class
sets up the game. The Board is where the game logic is written. The
Tetrominoe class contains names for all tetris pieces and the
Shape class contains the code for a tetris piece.
#!/usr/bin/python
"""
ZetCode PyQt6 tutorial
This is a Tetris game clone.
Author: Jan Bodnar
Website: zetcode.com
"""
import random
import sys
from PyQt6.QtCore import Qt, QBasicTimer, pyqtSignal
from PyQt6.QtGui import QPainter, QColor
from PyQt6.QtWidgets import QMainWindow, QFrame, QApplication
class Tetris(QMainWindow):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.initUI()
def initUI(self):
"""initiates application UI"""
self.tboard = Board(self)
self.setCentralWidget(self.tboard)
self.statusbar = self.statusBar()
self.tboard.msg2Statusbar[str].connect(self.statusbar.showMessage)
self.tboard.start()
self.resize(180, 380)
self.center()
self.setWindowTitle('Tetris')
self.show()
def center(self):
"""centers the window on the screen"""
qr = self.frameGeometry()
cp = self.screen().availableGeometry().center()
qr.moveCenter(cp)
self.move(qr.topLeft())
class Board(QFrame):
msg2Statusbar = pyqtSignal(str)
BoardWidth = 10
BoardHeight = 22
Speed = 300
def __init__(self, parent):
super().__init__(parent)
self.initBoard()
def initBoard(self):
"""initiates board"""
self.timer = QBasicTimer()
self.isWaitingAfterLine = False
self.curX = 0
self.curY = 0
self.numLinesRemoved = 0
self.board = []
self.setFocusPolicy(Qt.FocusPolicy.StrongFocus)
self.isStarted = False
self.isPaused = False
self.clearBoard()
def shapeAt(self, x, y):
"""determines shape at the board position"""
return self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) + x]
def setShapeAt(self, x, y, shape):
"""sets a shape at the board"""
self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) + x] = shape
def squareWidth(self):
"""returns the width of one square"""
return self.contentsRect().width() // Board.BoardWidth
def squareHeight(self):
"""returns the height of one square"""
return self.contentsRect().height() // Board.BoardHeight
def start(self):
"""starts game"""
if self.isPaused:
return
self.isStarted = True
self.isWaitingAfterLine = False
self.numLinesRemoved = 0
self.clearBoard()
self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))
self.newPiece()
self.timer.start(Board.Speed, self)
def pause(self):
"""pauses game"""
if not self.isStarted:
return
self.isPaused = not self.isPaused
if self.isPaused:
self.timer.stop()
self.msg2Statusbar.emit("paused")
else:
self.timer.start(Board.Speed, self)
self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))
self.update()
def paintEvent(self, event):
"""paints all shapes of the game"""
painter = QPainter(self)
rect = self.contentsRect()
boardTop = rect.bottom() - Board.BoardHeight * self.squareHeight()
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):
for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):
shape = self.shapeAt(j, Board.BoardHeight - i - 1)
if shape != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
self.drawSquare(painter,
rect.left() + j * self.squareWidth(),
boardTop + i * self.squareHeight(), shape)
if self.curPiece.shape() != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
for i in range(4):
x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i)
y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i)
self.drawSquare(painter, rect.left() + x * self.squareWidth(),
boardTop + (Board.BoardHeight - y - 1) * self.squareHeight(),
self.curPiece.shape())
def keyPressEvent(self, event):
"""processes key press events"""
if not self.isStarted or self.curPiece.shape() == Tetrominoe.NoShape:
super(Board, self).keyPressEvent(event)
return
key = event.key()
if key == Qt.Key.Key_P:
self.pause()
return
if self.isPaused:
return
elif key == Qt.Key.Key_Left.value:
self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX - 1, self.curY)
elif key == Qt.Key.Key_Right.value:
self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX + 1, self.curY)
elif key == Qt.Key.Key_Down.value:
self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotateRight(), self.curX, self.curY)
elif key == Qt.Key.Key_Up.value:
self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotateLeft(), self.curX, self.curY)
elif key == Qt.Key.Key_Space.value:
self.dropDown()
elif key == Qt.Key.Key_D.value:
self.oneLineDown()
else:
super(Board, self).keyPressEvent(event)
def timerEvent(self, event):
"""handles timer event"""
if event.timerId() == self.timer.timerId():
if self.isWaitingAfterLine:
self.isWaitingAfterLine = False
self.newPiece()
else:
self.oneLineDown()
else:
super(Board, self).timerEvent(event)
def clearBoard(self):
"""clears shapes from the board"""
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight * Board.BoardWidth):
self.board.append(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
def dropDown(self):
"""drops down a shape"""
newY = self.curY
while newY > 0:
if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, newY - 1):
break
newY -= 1
self.pieceDropped()
def oneLineDown(self):
"""goes one line down with a shape"""
if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY - 1):
self.pieceDropped()
def pieceDropped(self):
"""after dropping shape, remove full lines and create new shape"""
for i in range(4):
x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i)
y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i)
self.setShapeAt(x, y, self.curPiece.shape())
self.removeFullLines()
if not self.isWaitingAfterLine:
self.newPiece()
def removeFullLines(self):
"""removes all full lines from the board"""
numFullLines = 0
rowsToRemove = []
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):
n = 0
for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):
if not self.shapeAt(j, i) == Tetrominoe.NoShape:
n = n + 1
if n == 10:
rowsToRemove.append(i)
rowsToRemove.reverse()
for m in rowsToRemove:
for k in range(m, Board.BoardHeight):
for l in range(Board.BoardWidth):
self.setShapeAt(l, k, self.shapeAt(l, k + 1))
numFullLines = numFullLines + len(rowsToRemove)
if numFullLines > 0:
self.numLinesRemoved = self.numLinesRemoved + numFullLines
self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))
self.isWaitingAfterLine = True
self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
self.update()
def newPiece(self):
"""creates a new shape"""
self.curPiece = Shape()
self.curPiece.setRandomShape()
self.curX = Board.BoardWidth // 2 + 1
self.curY = Board.BoardHeight - 1 + self.curPiece.minY()
if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY):
self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
self.timer.stop()
self.isStarted = False
self.msg2Statusbar.emit("Game over")
def tryMove(self, newPiece, newX, newY):
"""tries to move a shape"""
for i in range(4):
x = newX + newPiece.x(i)
y = newY - newPiece.y(i)
if x < 0 or x >= Board.BoardWidth or y < 0 or y >= Board.BoardHeight:
return False
if self.shapeAt(x, y) != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
return False
self.curPiece = newPiece
self.curX = newX
self.curY = newY
self.update()
return True
def drawSquare(self, painter, x, y, shape):
"""draws a square of a shape"""
colorTable = [0x000000, 0xCC6666, 0x66CC66, 0x6666CC,
0xCCCC66, 0xCC66CC, 0x66CCCC, 0xDAAA00]
color = QColor(colorTable[shape])
painter.fillRect(x + 1, y + 1, self.squareWidth() - 2,
self.squareHeight() - 2, color)
painter.setPen(color.lighter())
painter.drawLine(x, y + self.squareHeight() - 1, x, y)
painter.drawLine(x, y, x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y)
painter.setPen(color.darker())
painter.drawLine(x + 1, y + self.squareHeight() - 1,
x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y + self.squareHeight() - 1)
painter.drawLine(x + self.squareWidth() - 1,
y + self.squareHeight() - 1, x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y + 1)
class Tetrominoe:
NoShape = 0
ZShape = 1
SShape = 2
LineShape = 3
TShape = 4
SquareShape = 5
LShape = 6
MirroredLShape = 7
class Shape:
coordsTable = (
((0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0)),
((0, -1), (0, 0), (-1, 0), (-1, 1)),
((0, -1), (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1)),
((0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2)),
((-1, 0), (0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1)),
((0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1)),
((-1, -1), (0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1)),
((1, -1), (0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1))
)
def __init__(self):
self.coords = [[0, 0] for i in range(4)]
self.pieceShape = Tetrominoe.NoShape
self.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
def shape(self):
"""returns shape"""
return self.pieceShape
def setShape(self, shape):
"""sets a shape"""
table = Shape.coordsTable[shape]
for i in range(4):
for j in range(2):
self.coords[i][j] = table[i][j]
self.pieceShape = shape
def setRandomShape(self):
"""chooses a random shape"""
self.setShape(random.randint(1, 7))
def x(self, index):
"""returns x coordinate"""
return self.coords[index][0]
def y(self, index):
"""returns y coordinate"""
return self.coords[index][1]
def setX(self, index, x):
"""sets x coordinate"""
self.coords[index][0] = x
def setY(self, index, y):
"""sets y coordinate"""
self.coords[index][1] = y
def minX(self):
"""returns min x value"""
m = self.coords[0][0]
for i in range(4):
m = min(m, self.coords[i][0])
return m
def maxX(self):
"""returns max x value"""
m = self.coords[0][0]
for i in range(4):
m = max(m, self.coords[i][0])
return m
def minY(self):
"""returns min y value"""
m = self.coords[0][1]
for i in range(4):
m = min(m, self.coords[i][1])
return m
def maxY(self):
"""returns max y value"""
m = self.coords[0][1]
for i in range(4):
m = max(m, self.coords[i][1])
return m
def rotateLeft(self):
"""rotates shape to the left"""
if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoe.SquareShape:
return self
result = Shape()
result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape
for i in range(4):
result.setX(i, self.y(i))
result.setY(i, -self.x(i))
return result
def rotateRight(self):
"""rotates shape to the right"""
if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoe.SquareShape:
return self
result = Shape()
result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape
for i in range(4):
result.setX(i, -self.y(i))
result.setY(i, self.x(i))
return result
def main():
app = QApplication([])
tetris = Tetris()
sys.exit(app.exec())
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
The game is simplified a bit so that it is easier to understand. The game starts immediately after it is launched. We can pause the game by pressing the p key. The Space key will drop the tetris piece instantly to the bottom. The game goes at constant speed, no acceleration is implemented. The score is the number of lines that we have removed.
self.tboard = Board(self) self.setCentralWidget(self.tboard)
An instance of the Board class is created and set to be the central
widget of the application.
self.statusbar = self.statusBar() self.tboard.msg2Statusbar[str].connect(self.statusbar.showMessage)
We create a statusbar where we will display messages. We will display three
possible messages: the number of lines already removed, the paused message, or
the game over message. The msg2Statusbar is a custom signal that is
implemented in the Board class. The showMessage is a built-in
method that displays a message on a statusbar.
self.tboard.start()
This line initiates the game.
class Board(QFrame):
msg2Statusbar = pyqtSignal(str)
...
A custom signal is created with pyqtSignal. The
msg2Statusbar is a signal that is emitted when we want to write a
message or the score to the statusbar.
BoardWidth = 10 BoardHeight = 22 Speed = 300
These are Board's class variables. The BoardWidth and
the BoardHeight define the size of the board in blocks. The
Speed defines the speed of the game. Each 300 ms a new game
cycle will start.
... self.curX = 0 self.curY = 0 self.numLinesRemoved = 0 self.board = [] ...
In the initBoard method we initialize some important
variables.
The self.board variable is a list of numbers
from 0 to 7. It represents the position of various shapes and
remains of the shapes on the board.
def shapeAt(self, x, y):
"""determines shape at the board position"""
return self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) + x]
The shapeAt method determines the type of a shape at
a given block.
def squareWidth(self):
"""returns the width of one square"""
return self.contentsRect().width() // Board.BoardWidth
The board can be dynamically resized. As a consequence, the size of
a block may change. The squareWidth calculates the width
of the single square in pixels and returns it. The Board.BoardWidth
is the size of the board in blocks.
def pause(self):
"""pauses game"""
if not self.isStarted:
return
self.isPaused = not self.isPaused
if self.isPaused:
self.timer.stop()
self.msg2Statusbar.emit("paused")
else:
self.timer.start(Board.Speed, self)
self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))
self.update()
The pause method pauses the game. It stops the timer
and displays a message on the statusbar.
def paintEvent(self, event):
"""paints all shapes of the game"""
painter = QPainter(self)
rect = self.contentsRect()
...
The painting happens in the paintEvent method. The QPainter
is responsible for all low-level painting in PyQt6.
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):
for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):
shape = self.shapeAt(j, Board.BoardHeight - i - 1)
if shape != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
self.drawSquare(painter,
rect.left() + j * self.squareWidth(),
boardTop + i * self.squareHeight(), shape)
The painting of the game is divided into two steps. In the first
step, we draw all the shapes, or remains of the shapes that
have been dropped to the bottom of the board. All the squares
are remembered in the self.board list variable. The variable is accessed
using the shapeAt method.
if self.curPiece.shape() != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
for i in range(4):
x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i)
y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i)
self.drawSquare(painter, rect.left() + x * self.squareWidth(),
boardTop + (Board.BoardHeight - y - 1) * self.squareHeight(),
self.curPiece.shape())
The next step is the drawing of the actual piece that is falling down.
elif key == Qt.Key.Key_Right.value:
self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX + 1, self.curY)
In the keyPressEvent method we check for pressed keys. If we press
the right arrow key, we try to move the piece to the right. We say try because
the piece might not be able to move.
elif key == Qt.Key.Key_Up.value:
self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotateLeft(), self.curX, self.curY)
The Up arrow key will rotate the falling piece to the left.
elif key == Qt.Key.Key_Space.value:
self.dropDown()
The Space key will drop the falling piece instantly to the bottom.
elif key == Qt.Key.Key_D.value:
self.oneLineDown()
Pressing the d key, the piece will go one block down. It can be used to accellerate the falling of a piece a bit.
def timerEvent(self, event):
"""handles timer event"""
if event.timerId() == self.timer.timerId():
if self.isWaitingAfterLine:
self.isWaitingAfterLine = False
self.newPiece()
else:
self.oneLineDown()
else:
super(Board, self).timerEvent(event)
In the timer event, we either create a new piece after the previous one was dropped to the bottom or we move a falling piece one line down.
def clearBoard(self):
"""clears shapes from the board"""
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight * Board.BoardWidth):
self.board.append(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
The clearBoard method clears the board by setting
Tetrominoe.NoShape at each block of the board.
def removeFullLines(self):
"""removes all full lines from the board"""
numFullLines = 0
rowsToRemove = []
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):
n = 0
for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):
if not self.shapeAt(j, i) == Tetrominoe.NoShape:
n = n + 1
if n == 10:
rowsToRemove.append(i)
rowsToRemove.reverse()
for m in rowsToRemove:
for k in range(m, Board.BoardHeight):
for l in range(Board.BoardWidth):
self.setShapeAt(l, k, self.shapeAt(l, k + 1))
numFullLines = numFullLines + len(rowsToRemove)
...
If the piece hits the bottom, we call the removeFullLines method.
We find out all full lines and remove them. We do it by moving all lines above
the current full line to be removed one line down. Notice that we reverse the
order of the lines to be removed. Otherwise, it would not work correctly. In our
case we use a naive gravity. This means that the pieces may be floating
above empty gaps.
def newPiece(self):
"""creates a new shape"""
self.curPiece = Shape()
self.curPiece.setRandomShape()
self.curX = Board.BoardWidth // 2 + 1
self.curY = Board.BoardHeight - 1 + self.curPiece.minY()
if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY):
self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
self.timer.stop()
self.isStarted = False
self.msg2Statusbar.emit("Game over")
The newPiece method creates randomly a new tetris piece.
If the piece cannot go into its initial position, the game is over.
def tryMove(self, newPiece, newX, newY):
"""tries to move a shape"""
for i in range(4):
x = newX + newPiece.x(i)
y = newY - newPiece.y(i)
if x < 0 or x >= Board.BoardWidth or y < 0 or y >= Board.BoardHeight:
return False
if self.shapeAt(x, y) != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
return False
self.curPiece = newPiece
self.curX = newX
self.curY = newY
self.update()
return True
In the tryMove method we try to move our shapes. If the
shape is at the edge of the board or is adjacent to some
other piece, we return False. Otherwise we place the current
falling piece to a new position.
class Tetrominoe:
NoShape = 0
ZShape = 1
SShape = 2
LineShape = 3
TShape = 4
SquareShape = 5
LShape = 6
MirroredLShape = 7
The Tetrominoe class holds names of all possible shapes. We have
also a NoShape for an empty space.
The Shape class saves information about a tetris piece.
class Shape(object):
coordsTable = (
((0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0)),
((0, -1), (0, 0), (-1, 0), (-1, 1)),
...
)
...
The coordsTable tuple holds all possible coordinate values of our
tetris pieces. This is a template from which all pieces take their
coordinate values.
self.coords = [[0,0] for i in range(4)]
Upon creation we create an empty coordinates list. The list will save the coordinates of the tetris piece.
The above image will help understand the coordinate values a bit more. For example, the tuples (0, -1), (0, 0), (-1, 0), (-1, -1) represent a Z-shape. The diagram illustrates the shape.
def rotateLeft(self):
"""rotates shape to the left"""
if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoe.SquareShape:
return self
result = Shape()
result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape
for i in range(4):
result.setX(i, self.y(i))
result.setY(i, -self.x(i))
return result
The rotateLeft method rotates a piece to the left. The square does
not have to be rotated. That is why we simply return the reference to the
current object. A new piece is created and its coordinates are set to the ones
of the rotated piece.
This was Tetris game in PyQt6.