Kotlin lambda expression
last modified January 29, 2024
In this article we show how to use lambda expressions in Kotlin.
A lambda expression is an anonymous function which is treated as a value. It can be bound to a variable, passed to a function as a parameter, or returned from a function.
val square: (Int) -> Int = { e: Int -> e * e }
In Kotlin, a lambda expression is always delimited by curly braces.
Kotlin anonymous function
Anonymous functions are functions that do not have a name.
package com.zetcode
fun main() {
val vals = intArrayOf(-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4)
val filtered = vals.filter(fun(e) = e > 0)
println(filtered)
}
We define an array of integers. The array is filtered with the
filter function. The filter function takes an
anonymous function as a parameter.
val filtered = vals.filter(fun(e) = e > 0)
The anonymous function is used to filter the array.
The next example is a rewrite of the previous one using a lambda expression.
package com.zetcode
fun main() {
val vals = intArrayOf(-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4)
val filtered = vals.filter { e -> e > 0 }
println(filtered)
}
Here we use curly braces and the -> operator.
Type declaration
In a lambda expression type declaration, we have a list of parameters in square
brackets followed by the arrow -> operator followed by the
return type.
package com.zetcode
fun main() {
val square: (Int) -> Int = { e: Int -> e * e }
val r1 = square(5)
val r2 = square(3)
println(r1)
println(r2)
}
In the program, we bind a lambda expression to a value; full type declarations are provided.
val square: (Int) -> Int = { e: Int -> e * e }
The square value is bound to a lambda expression, which accepts one
integer and returns an integer.
Type inference
Kotlin can infer the data types of values and therefore, we can omit some declarations.
package com.zetcode
fun main() {
val square1: (Int) -> Int = { e: Int -> e * e }
val square2 = { e: Int -> e * e }
val square3: (Int) -> Int = { e -> e * e }
// val square4 = { e -> e * e }
val r1 = square1(5)
val r2 = square2(3)
val r3 = square3(6)
println(r1)
println(r2)
println(r3)
}
In the example, we define the square function multiple times.
val square1: (Int) -> Int = { e: Int -> e * e }
This is the full type declaration.
val square2 = { e: Int -> e * e }
Here we omit the lambda declaration for the square2 name.
val square3: (Int) -> Int = { e -> e * e }
In this case, we omit the declaration of the element inside the lambda expression.
// val square4 = { e -> e * e }
However, we cannot omit both declarations. This code does not compile.
The Unit type is used for an expression that does not return a
value.
package com.zetcode
fun main() {
val l1 = { println("Hello there!") }
val l2: (String) -> Unit = { name: String ->
println("Hello $name!")
}
l1()
l2("Lucia")
}
If we print something to the console, we do not return anything. For such cases,
we specify Unit.
Kotlin lambda expression it
The it is a special keyword that represents a single parameter
passed to the lambda expression.
package com.zetcode
fun main() {
val nums = listOf(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
nums.forEach { println(it * 2) }
}
We have a list of integers. With forEach, we go through the list
of elements and multiply them by two.
nums.forEach { println(it * 2) }
The it represents the currently processed item.
Passing lambdas as function arguments
In the following example, we pass lambda expressions as function arguments.
package com.zetcode
val inc = { e: Int -> e + 1 }
val dec = { e: Int -> e - 1 }
val square = { e: Int -> e * e }
val triple = { e: Int -> e * e * e }
fun doProcess(vals: List<Int>, f: (Int) -> Int) {
val processed = vals.map { e -> f(e) }
println(processed)
}
fun main() {
val vals = listOf(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
doProcess(vals, inc)
doProcess(vals, dec)
doProcess(vals, square)
doProcess(vals, triple)
}
We define four lambdas: inc, dec, square,
triple. We pass the lambdas to the doProcess function.
fun doProcess(vals: List<Int>, f: (Int) -> Int) {
val processed = vals.map { e -> f(e) }
println(processed)
}
We provide the type declaration for the second parameter:
(Int) -> Int. Each lambda takes an integer and returns an
integer.
val processed = vals.map { e -> f(e) }
With map, we apply the lambda expression on each element of the
list.
Returning from lambda
The last expression in the lambda is returned.
package com.zetcode
val check = { u:Pair<String, Int> ->
when (u.second) {
in 0..75 -> "failed"
else -> "passed"
}
}
fun main() {
val students = listOf(
Pair("Maria", 98),
Pair("Pablo", 81),
Pair("Lucia", 45),
Pair("Peter", 98),
Pair("Simon", 73),
)
students.forEach {
val res = check(it)
println("${it.first} has $res")
}
}
In the example, we have a list of students. We check which students have passed the exam.
val check = { u:Pair<String, Int> ->
when (u.second) {
in 0..75 -> "failed"
else -> "passed"
}
}
The lambda contains a when expression. The matched arm's value is returned from the lambda.
val res = check(it)
println("${it.first} has $res")
The returned value is used to display a message.
Trailing lambdas
If the last parameter of a function is a function, then a lambda expression can be placed outside the parentheses. If the lambda is the only argument, the parentheses can be omitted entirely.
package com.zetcode
data class User(val fname: String, val lname: String, val salary: Int)
fun main() {
val users = listOf(
User("John", "Doe", 1230),
User("Lucy", "Novak", 670),
User("Ben", "Walter", 2050),
User("Robin", "Brown", 2300),
User("Amy", "Doe", 1250),
User("Joe", "Draker", 1190),
User("Janet", "Doe", 980),
User("Albert", "Novak", 1930)
)
val r1 = users.maxBy({ u: User -> u.salary })
println(r1)
val r2 = users.maxBy() { u: User -> u.salary }
println(r2)
val r3 = users.maxBy { u: User -> u.salary }
println(r3)
}
In the example, we find the maximum salary of all users.
val r1 = users.maxBy({ u: User -> u.salary })
println(r1)
In the first case, we pass the lambda expression to the maxBy
function as a parameter.
val r2 = users.maxBy() { u: User -> u.salary }
println(r2)
Since the lambda is the last parameter, we can take it out of the parentheses.
val r3 = users.maxBy { u: User -> u.salary }
println(r3)
Since the lambda is the only parameter, we can omit the parentheses.
Kotlin chaining functions with lambdas
We can chain funtion calls with lambda expressions, creating succinct code.
package com.zetcode
fun main() {
val words = listOf("sky", "cup", "water", "den",
"knife", "earth", "falcon")
val res = words.filter { it.length == 5 }.sortedBy { it }
.map { it.replaceFirstChar(Char::titlecase) }
println(res)
}
We filter a list of words, sort it, and capitalize its elements. All is done in a chain of three function calls. The functions have trailing lambdas.
Destructuring in lambdas
Parameters can be destructured in lambda expressions. For unused variables, we
can use the underscore _ character.
package com.zetcode
fun main() {
val words = mapOf(
1 to "sky", 2 to "cup", 3 to "water", 4 to "den",
5 to "knife", 6 to "earth", 7 to "falcon"
)
words.forEach { (_, v) -> println(v) }
}
We have a map of words. We go through the map with forEach.
Each elemetn of the map is destructured into a key/value pair. Since we do not
use the key, we use the underscore character.
Source
Higher-order functions and lambdas
In this article we have covered Kotlin lambda expressions.
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