F# string
last modified October 20, 2023
In this article we show how to work with strings in F#.
In F#, a string is a sequence of Unicode characters. It is a data type which stores a sequence of data values, usually bytes, in which elements usually stand for characters according to a character encoding. When a string appears literally in the source code, it is known as a string literal.
Strings are objects. There are two basic classes for working with strings:
- System.String
- System.Text.StringBuilder
The String is an immutable sequence of characters. The StringBuilder is a mutable sequence of characters.
The string is an alias for System.String. The string is a language
keyword and the System.String is a .NET type.
F# string simple example
The following is a simple F# string example.
let w1 = "an old falcon" let w2 = "an" + " old" + " falcon" printfn "%s" w1 printfn "%s" w2
We define a regular string and print it, then we concatenate two strings.
let w1 = "an old falcon"
A string is delimited in two double quotes.
let w2 = "an" + " old" + " falcon"
We concatenate three strings with the + operator.
printfn "%s" w1
The string is prited to the terminal with printf.
λ dotnet fsi main.fsx an old falcon an old falcon
F# string to int
The int built-in function converts a string to an integer.
let vals = ("2", 1, "4", 6, "11")
let a, b, c, d, e = vals
let sum = int a + b + int c + d + int e
printfn "%d" sum
We have a tuple of values: integers and strings. We want to compute the sum of all values.
let a, b, c, d, e = vals
We destructure the tuple into five variables.
let sum = int a + b + int c + d + int e
We sum the variables; the strings are converted into integers with
int.
λ dotnet fsi main.fsx 24
F# string repeat
In the next example we show how to repeat a string in F#.
printfn "%s" (String.replicate 5 "falcon ") printfn "%s" (String.concat " " (Array.create 5 "falcon"))
Strings can be repeated with String.replicate or with
Array.create and String.concat.
$ dotnet fsi main.fsx Name: John Doe, Age: 34
F# string interpolation
The $ special character prefix identifies a string literal as an interpolated string. An interpolated string is a string literal that might contain interpolated expressions.
open System
let name = "John Doe"
let occupation = "gardener"
let msg = $"{name} is an {occupation}"
printfn $"{msg}"
printfn $"5 * 8 = {5 * 8}"
let now = DateTime.Now
printfn $"Hello, {name}! Today is {now.DayOfWeek}."
We create a few interpolated strings.
let msg = $"{name} is an {occupation}"
printfn "%s" msg
We build a string that contains the contents of two variables: name
and occupation. They are placed between curly braces.
printfn $"5 * 8 = {5 * 8}"
Interpolated strings can contain expressions.
let now = DateTime.Now
printfn $"Hello, {name}! Today is {now.DayOfWeek}."
We interpolate a DateTime value.
λ dotnet fsi main.fsx John Doe is an gardener 5 * 8 = 40 Hello, John Doe! Today is Monday.
We can have typed format specifiers to enforce type safety.
let name = "John Doe"
let age = 34
printfn $"Name: %s{name}, Age: %d{age}"
The %s specifier is for string and %d is for an
integer.
F# string escape sequences
Escape characters are special characters that perform a specific operation. For instance, the \n characters starts a new line.
printfn("Three\t bottles of wine")
printfn("He said: \"I love ice skating\"")
printfn("Line 1:\nLine 2:\nLine 3:")
We have an example with escape characters.
printfn("Three\t bottles of wine")
The \t escape character inserts a tab.
printfn("He said: \"I love ice skating\"")
We insert double qoutes into a string literal by escaping them with \.
printfn("Line 1:\nLine 2:\nLine 3:")
With \n, we create three lines.
λ dotnet fsi main.fsx Three bottles of wine He said: "I love ice skating" Line 1: Line 2: Line 3:
F# string Contains
The Contains method checks if the string contains the given string.
let msg = "an old falcon"
let word = "falcon"
let r = msg.Contains("falcon")
if r then
printfn $"The string contains {word}"
else
printfn $"The string does not contain {word}"
In the program we check if the an old falcon string contains the falcon word.
λ dotnet fsi main.fsx The string contains falcon
F# string StartsWith/EndsWith
We can check if a string stars/ends with a character with
StartsWith and EndsWith functions.
let words = ["sky"; "war"; "water"; "cup"; "cloud"; "warm"; "rock"; "try"] let res = words |> List.filter (fun e -> e.StartsWith 'w') printfn "%A" res let res2 = words |> List.filter (fun e -> e.EndsWith 'r') printfn "%A" res2
We have a list of words. We pick all words starting with w and then ending with r.
λ dotnet fsi main.fsx ["war"; "water"; "warm"] ["war"; "water"]
F# verbatim string
Verbatim strings do not interprete escape sequences. They are preceded with the @ character. We can create multiline strings with them.
printfn "%s" @"deep \t forest"
printfn "%s" @"C:\Users\Admin\Documents"
let text = @"
Not marble, nor the gilded monuments
Of princes, shall outlive this powerful rhyme;
But you shall shine more bright in these contents
Than unswept stone, besmeared with sluttish time."
printfn "%s" text
In this code example we work with verbatim strings.
printfn "%s" @"deep \t forest"
The \t special character is not interpreted; it is only printed to
the console.
printfn "%s" @"C:\Users\Admin\Documents"
Verbatim strings are convenient when we work with paths.
let text = @"
Not marble, nor the gilded monuments
Of princes, shall outlive this powerful rhyme;
But you shall shine more bright in these contents
Than unswept stone, besmeared with sluttish time."
Verbatim strings allow us to create multiline strings.
λ dotnet fsi main.fsx
deep \t forest
C:\Users\Admin\Documents
Not marble, nor the gilded monuments
Of princes, shall outlive this powerful rhyme;
But you shall shine more bright in these contents
Than unswept stone, besmeared with sluttish time.
F# convert an array of ints to string
In the next example, we convert an array of integers to a string.
let nums = [| 2; 4; 6; 8 |]
let output =
nums
|> Array.map (sprintf "%i")
|> String.concat ","
printfn $"{output}"
We map the sprintf function to each of the array elements; then
we pass the string elements to the String.concat function.
λ dotnet fsi main.fsx 2,4,6,8
F# building/formatting strings
There are several ways how we can build or format strings.
open System
open System.Text
let name = "John Doe"
let age = 33
let msg1 = name + " is " + string age + " years old"
printfn $"{msg1}"
let msg2 = sprintf "%s is %d years old" name age
printfn $"{msg2}"
let msg3 = $"{name} is {age} years old"
printfn $"{msg3}"
let msg4 = String.Format("{0} is {1} years old", name, age)
printfn $"{msg4}"
let builder = StringBuilder()
let msg5 = builder.AppendFormat("{0} is {1} years old", name, age)
printfn $"{msg5}"
The example builds five strings.
let msg1 = name + " is " + string age + " years old"
printfn $"{msg1}"
A string can be concatenated with the + operator.
let msg2 = sprintf "%s is %d years old" name age
printfn $"{msg2}"
We can use the sprintf function and its format specifiers.
let msg4 = String.Format("{0} is {1} years old", name, age)
printfn $"{msg4}"
Another option is the .NET String.Format function.
let builder = StringBuilder()
let msg5 = builder.AppendFormat("{0} is {1} years old", name, age)
printfn $"{msg5}"
Finally, we can use the StringBuilder type.
λ dotnet fsi main.fsx John Doe is 33 years old John Doe is 33 years old John Doe is 33 years old John Doe is 33 years old John Doe is 33 years old
F# enumerate runes
The EnumerateRunes method enumerates runes in a string. The
Rune type corresponds exactly to a Unicode scalar value.
open System.Text
let text = "🐄🐘🐫🐑🦍🐯";
let runes = text.EnumerateRunes()
for rune in runes do
printfn $"{rune}"
We go over emojis inside a string literal.
λ dotnet fsi main.fsx 🐄 🐘 🐫 🐑 🦍 🐯
In this article we have worked with strings in F#.