FreeBasic Short Keyword

last modified June 16, 2025

The FreeBasic Short keyword represents a 16-bit signed integer data type. It can store whole numbers from -32,768 to 32,767. Short integers are useful when memory conservation is important.

Basic Definition

In FreeBasic, Short is a numeric data type that occupies 2 bytes (16 bits) of memory. It is signed by default, meaning it can represent both positive and negative values.

The Short type is ideal for situations where you need to store small integers and want to minimize memory usage. It's commonly used in arrays and structures where space optimization matters.

Declaring Short Variables

This example shows how to declare and initialize Short variables.

short_declare.bas

Dim smallNumber As Short
Dim temperature As Short = -15
Dim itemCount As Short = 25000

Print "smallNumber: "; smallNumber
Print "temperature: "; temperature
Print "itemCount: "; itemCount

Here we declare three Short variables. The first is uninitialized and contains an undefined value. The others are set to -15 and 25000 respectively. Short variables can store values from -32,768 to 32,767.

Short Arithmetic Operations

Short variables can participate in all standard arithmetic operations.

short_arithmetic.bas

Dim a As Short = 15000
Dim b As Short = 20000
Dim result As Integer

result = a + b
Print "Sum: "; result

result = b - a
Print "Difference: "; result

result = a * 2
Print "Product: "; result

result = b \ 10
Print "Integer division: "; result

This demonstrates arithmetic with Short values. Note that results may need to be stored in larger types (like Integer) to avoid overflow. The backslash operator performs integer division.

Short in Arrays

Short arrays are memory-efficient when storing many small integers.

short_array.bas

Dim scores(1 To 5) As Short
scores(1) = 85
scores(2) = 92
scores(3) = 78
scores(4) = 90
scores(5) = 88

Dim total As Integer = 0
For i As Short = 1 To 5
    total += scores(i)
Next

Print "Average score: "; total \ 5

This example creates an array of Short values to store test scores. Using Short for the array and loop counter saves memory compared to using Integer. The total is stored in an Integer to prevent overflow.

Short with Type Suffix

FreeBasic allows using the % suffix to declare Short variables.

short_suffix.bas

Dim smallNum% = 12345
Dim bigNum As Integer = 40000

Print "smallNum% type: "; TypeName(smallNum%)
Print "bigNum type: "; TypeName(bigNum)

' This would cause overflow
' smallNum% = bigNum

The % suffix is shorthand for declaring Short variables. The TypeName function shows the variable type. Note that assigning a larger value than Short can hold would cause overflow.

Short Range Checking

It's important to ensure values stay within the Short range.

short_range.bas

Dim maxShort As Short = 32767
Dim minShort As Short = -32768

Print "Max Short: "; maxShort
Print "Min Short: "; minShort

' These would cause overflow
' maxShort += 1
' minShort -= 1

Print "Safe operations:"
maxShort = maxShort - 1
minShort = minShort + 1
Print "New max: "; maxShort
Print "New min: "; minShort

This demonstrates the limits of the Short type. Attempting to exceed these limits would cause overflow. The commented lines show dangerous operations that should be avoided.

Short in Function Parameters

Short can be used for function parameters and return values.

short_function.bas

Function SumShorts(a As Short, b As Short) As Short
    ' Important: Check for potential overflow
    If a > 0 And b > 0 And (a + b) < 0 Then
        Print "Warning: Possible overflow"
    End If
    Return a + b
End Function

Dim x As Short = 20000
Dim y As Short = 12000

Print "Sum: "; SumShorts(x, y)

This function takes two Short parameters and returns their sum as a Short. The overflow check demonstrates good practice when working with limited-range types. The function works correctly within the Short range.

Short Conversion

FreeBasic performs implicit and explicit conversions with Short.

short_conversion.bas

Dim s As Short = 100
Dim i As Integer = 50000
Dim f As Single = 123.456

' Implicit conversion from Short to Integer
i = s
Print "Integer from Short: "; i

' Explicit conversion from Integer to Short
s = CShort(i \ 50)
Print "Short from Integer: "; s

' Explicit conversion from Single to Short
s = CShort(f)
Print "Short from Single: "; s

This shows conversions between Short and other types. CShort explicitly converts to Short, truncating floating-point values. Implicit conversion to larger types is safe, but converting from larger types risks overflow.

Best Practices

Memory Use: Use Short when memory savings are important.
Range Awareness: Always be mindful of the -32,768 to 32,767 range.
Overflow Checks: Implement checks when performing arithmetic.
Arrays: Prefer Short for large arrays of small integers.
Conversion: Use explicit conversion (CShort) when narrowing.

This tutorial covered the FreeBasic Short keyword with practical examples showing its usage in different scenarios.

Author

My name is Jan Bodnar, and I am a passionate programmer with extensive programming experience. I have been writing programming articles since 2007. To date, I have authored over 1,400 articles and 8 e-books. I possess more than ten years of experience in teaching programming.

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