Python rich
last modified January 29, 2024
In this article we create rich text and advanced formatting in the terminal using the Python rich library.
The rich module allows us to add colours, emojis, tables, columns, or progress bars. We can do syntax highlighting, pretty printing. It supports the markdown syntax.
Rich works with Jupyter notebooks out of the box. On Windows, the new Windows Terminal supports the more advanced formatting options.
$ pip install rich
We install the library with pip.
Python rich simple example
The following is a simple example that uses rich.
#!/usr/bin/python
from datetime import date
from rich import print
from rich import print as rprint
print("[italic red]an old falcon[/italic red]")
rprint("[italic blue]an old falcon[/italic blue]")
print("{ 'name': 'John Doe', 'occupation': 'gardener' }")
print(date.today())
In the example, we display coloured text.
from rich import print from rich import print as rprint
From the module, we import two functions: print and
rprint. The functions are identical. We can use rprint
if we do not want to hide the built-in print function. For more
advanced options, we can use the Console object.
print("[italic red]an old falcon[/italic red]")
We print a message in cursive red. The formatting instructions are placed
between the pairs of [] characters.
print("{ 'name': 'John Doe', 'occupation': 'gardener' }")
print(date.today())
The rich automatically highlights JSON data and datetime in ISO8601 format.
Python rich Text
Instead of specifying the formatting options in the print function,
we can use the Text object. It encapsulates a text with colour and
style.
#!/usr/bin/python
from rich.console import Console
from rich.text import Text
txt = Text('''Python is a general-purpose, dynamic, object-oriented \
programming language. The design purpose of the Python language \
emphasizes programmer productivity and code readability.''', style='italic')
console = Console()
console.print(txt)
The example prints a message to the terminal. The text is in italic.
txt = Text('''Python is a general-purpose, dynamic, object-oriented \
programming language. The design purpose of the Python language \
emphasizes programmer productivity and code readability.''', style='italic')
A text object is created. We specify a style option.
Python rich rule
A rule is a horizontal line with an optional center title.
#!/usr/bin/python
from rich.console import Console
console = Console()
console.rule('Python', style='blue')
console.print('''Python is a general-purpose, dynamic, object-oriented\
programming language. The design purpose of the Python language\
emphasizes programmer productivity and code readability.''')
console.print()
console.rule('F#', style='red')
console.print('''F# is a universal programming language for writing succinct,\
robust and performant code.''')
console.print()
console.rule('Go')
console.print('''Go is an open source programming language that makes it easy to\
build simple, reliable, and efficient software. Go is a statically\
typed, compiled programming language.''')
In the program, we create three horizontal lines.
console.rule('Python', style='blue')
We can specify style for the rule.
Python rich panel
A panel is a console renderable that draws a border around its contents.
#!/usr/bin/python
from rich.panel import Panel
from rich.console import Console
pnl1 = Panel("[bold yellow]an old falcon", expand=False, border_style="blue")
pnl2 = Panel.fit("[bold yellow]an old falcon", border_style="blue")
console = Console()
console.print(pnl1)
console.print(pnl2)
The program creates a panel with a coloured text. The panel has a blue border.
pnl1 = Panel("[bold yellow]an old falcon", expand=False, border_style="blue")
pnl2 = Panel.fit("[bold yellow]an old falcon", border_style="blue")
We create two panels with text. By default, the panels are expanded. We can turn
it off with the expand option, or use the fit method.
Python rich Padding
With Padding, we can place spacing around content.
#!/usr/bin/python
from rich import print
from rich.padding import Padding
from rich.panel import Panel
p = Padding("Hello", (2, 4), style="on blue", expand=False)
print(p)
pnl = Panel.fit(Padding("old falcon", (8, 4)))
print(pnl)
In the program, we add space around text.
p = Padding("Hello", (2, 4), style="on blue", expand=False)
print(p)
The second parameter are the padding dimensions: top, right, bottom, and left. We can eigher specify all four values or the first two values.
pnl = Panel.fit(Padding("old falcon", (8, 4)))
print(pnl)
We place a padded text into a panel.
Python rich Columns
Display renderables can be placed into columns for neat positionings.
cup snow falcon eagle forest war water atom lamp pen pencil book phone chart car cloud print dog nose horse stream sum nail boot atom wind storm
We have a list of words.
#!/usr/bin/python
from rich.console import Console
from rich.columns import Columns
from rich.panel import Panel
console = Console()
with open('words.txt', 'r') as f:
words = f.readlines()
console.print(Columns([Panel(line, border_style='blue')
for line in words], align='center'))
In the program, we read words from a file and place them into panels. The panels are placed into columns. Rich arranges the columns based on the current size of the terminal.
console.print(Columns([Panel(line, border_style='blue')
for line in words], align='center'))
We can align the renderables inside columns with the align option.
Python rich Group
Renderables can be placed into groups.
#!/usr/bin/python
from rich import print
from rich.console import group
from rich.panel import Panel
@group()
def get_panels():
yield Panel.fit("an old falcon", style="on blue")
yield Panel.fit("a long stormy night", style="on deep_sky_blue4")
print(Panel.fit(get_panels()))
from rich.console import Group
g = Group(
Panel.fit("an old falcon", style="on blue"),
Panel.fit("a long stormy night", style="on deep_sky_blue4"),
)
print(Panel.fit(g))
In the example, we create two groups. We add two panels to each group.
@group()
def get_panels():
yield Panel.fit("an old falcon", style="on blue")
yield Panel.fit("a long stormy night", style="on deep_sky_blue4")
print(Panel.fit(get_panels()))
In the first case, we build a group with a decorator.
g = Group(
Panel.fit("an old falcon", style="on blue"),
Panel.fit("a long stormy night", style="on deep_sky_blue4"),
)
print(Panel.fit(g))
In the second case, we use the Group object.
Python rich Table
More complex tabular data can be displayed in a Table.
#!/usr/bin/python
from rich import box
from rich.console import Console
from rich.table import Table
from datetime import date
now = f'{date.today()}'
table = Table(title='Users', box=box.MINIMAL, caption=now, caption_justify='left')
table.add_column('Name', style='cyan')
table.add_column('Occupation', style='grey69')
table.add_column('Date of birth', justify='right', style='green')
table.add_row('John Doe', 'gardener', '12/5/1997')
table.add_row('Jane Doe', 'teacher', '5/16/1983')
table.add_row('Robert Smith', 'driver', '4/2/2001')
table.add_row('Maria Smith', 'cook', '9/21/1976')
console = Console()
console.print(table, justify='center')
The example displayes users in a table.
table = Table(title='Users', box=box.MINIMAL, caption=now, caption_justify='left')
A Table object is created. We provide a title, header box style,
and caption. The caption is left-justified.
table.add_column('Name', style='cyan')
table.add_column('Occupation', style='grey69')
table.add_column('Date of birth', justify='right', style='green')
We add columns to the table with add_column. Each column data is
displayed in a different colour. The third column is also right-justified.
table.add_row('John Doe', 'gardener', '12/5/1997')
table.add_row('Jane Doe', 'teacher', '5/16/1983')
table.add_row('Robert Smith', 'driver', '4/2/2001')
table.add_row('Maria Smith', 'cook', '9/21/1976')
We add four rows with add_row.
console = Console() console.print(table, justify='center')
The table is printed. The whole table is centered.
In the next example, we display BTC OHLCV data in a table. The example uses
the ccxt module to fetch data from the Binance exchange.
#!/usr/bin/python
import asyncio
import ccxt.async_support as ccxt
from rich import box
from rich.console import Console
from rich.table import Table
from datetime import datetime
async def tickers():
binance = ccxt.binance()
data = await binance.fetch_ohlcv('BTC/USDT', '1d', limit=20)
await binance.close()
now = f'{datetime.today()}'
table = Table(title='Binance - BTC/USDT', box=box.ASCII,
caption=now, caption_justify='left')
table.add_column('Date', justify='center', style='steel_blue')
table.add_column('Open')
table.add_column('High')
table.add_column('Low')
table.add_column('Close')
table.add_column('Volume', justify='right', style='cadet_blue')
for e in data:
d = datetime.utcfromtimestamp(e[0]/1000.0)
table.add_row(f'{d:%m/%d/%Y}', f'{e[1]:.2f}', f'{e[2]:.2f}',
f'{e[3]:.2f}', f'{e[4]:.2f}', f'{e[5]:.5f}')
console = Console()
console.print(table)
asyncio.run(tickers())
The display the open, high, low, close, volume values of BTC for the last 20 days.
Python rich markdown
Markdown is a lightweight markup language for creating formatted text. Rich supports the markdown language.
# Match expressions
The match expression provides branching control that is based on
the comparison of an expression with a set of patterns.
## String constant
```F#
open System
open System.Globalization
printf "What is the capital of Slovakia?: "
let name = Console.ReadLine()
let lowered = name.ToLower()
let capital = CultureInfo.CurrentCulture.TextInfo.ToTitleCase lowered
let msg = match capital with
| "Bratislava" -> "correct answer"
| _ -> "wrong answer"
printfn $"{msg}"
```
We have a short markdown example. It contains headers and a F# source code listing.
#!/usr/bin/python
from rich.console import Console
from rich.markdown import Markdown
with open('pattern_match.md', 'r') as f:
data = f.read()
console = Console()
md = Markdown(data)
console.print(md)
The program reads the markdown from the file and passes the data to the
Markdown object. The markdown is then printed to the console.
Python rich syntax
Rich can provide syntax highlighting for multiple languages.
open System
type User =
{ FirstName: string
LastName: string
Salary: int }
let users = [
{ FirstName="Robert"; LastName="Novak"; Salary=1770 };
{ FirstName="John"; LastName="Doe"; Salary=1230 };
{ FirstName="Lucy"; LastName="Novak"; Salary=670 };
{ FirstName="Ben"; LastName="Walter"; Salary=2050 };
{ FirstName="Robin"; LastName="Brown"; Salary=2300 };
{ FirstName="Amy"; LastName="Doe"; Salary=1250 };
{ FirstName="Joe"; LastName="Draker"; Salary=1190 };
{ FirstName="Janet"; LastName="Doe"; Salary=980 };
{ FirstName="Peter"; LastName="Novak"; Salary=990 };
{ FirstName="Albert"; LastName="Novak"; Salary=1930 }
]
let avg = users |> List.averageBy (fun user -> float user.Salary)
let users2 = users |> List.filter (fun user -> user.Salary > int avg)
users2 |> List.iter Console.WriteLine
We have a F# code example.
#!/usr/bin/python
from rich.console import Console
from rich.syntax import Syntax
stx = Syntax.from_path("filter.fsx", theme="nord-darker", line_numbers=True)
console = Console()
console.print(stx)
We read the F# code from the file and provide syntax highlighting in the output.
We use the nord-darker theme and enable line numbers. It
autodetects the used language.
Source
In this article we have created rich text and formatting in Python using the rich module.
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